Are `exports` and `require` interchangeable?

No, `exports` and `require` are distinct concepts. `exports` is a property of the module object, while `require` is a function used to import modules. `require` loads the module's code and makes the exported values available. The `exports` object is then populated with the values exported by the module. Using them together is the standard approach in CommonJS modules. However, in ES Modules, `import` handles the module loading and export/import mechanisms.